Shoulder, in my words + shoulders

huxel : shoulder

The Illunse word for shoulder is huxel. Huxel is an uncommon last name.

This word is a mixture of the Latin word for shoulder (and upper arm) which is humerus, and the Old English word for shoulder which is eaxel.

There's an X in this word! Not CS for X. Both Latin and Old English use the letter X, so I guess I will too.

huxela : shoulders

The Illunse word for shoulders (nominative plural) is huxela.

Shoulders in Latin is humeri. Shoulders in Old English is eaxela.

Knee, in J.R.R. Tolkien's words

The Quenya word for knee is occa.

I didn't find a Sindarin word for knee.

Knee, in my words + knees

cneg : knee

The Illunse word for knee is cneg. CNeg is a legal document abbreviation for Contributory Negligence.

This word is a mixture of the Latin word for knee which is genu, and the Old English word for knee which is cnéow.

cnegu : knees

The Illunse word for knees (nominative plural) is cnegu. CNEGU is an acronym for Le Comité Nord-Est des Groupes Ufologiques (The Committee Northeast UFO Groups).

Knees in Latin is genus. Knees in Old English is cnéow (same as knee).

Ears, in my words (revised)

euran : ears

The Illunse word for ears (nominative plural) is euran. Euran Pallo (abbreviated EuPa) is a football club from Finland. Euran is a rare masculine first name. Euran is a rare last name.

Ears in Latin is auris. Ears in Old English is éaran.

My previous word for ears was eura. I decided to change this word to resemble the Old English nominative case plural.

two additional vowel combinations

I may decide to use AI and OU as additional vowel combinations in Illunse. Neither combination appears in Latin or Old English words.

In Illunse, pronounce ai as in aisle. In Latin this diphthong is spelled ae, but I'm already pronouncing ae as æ in Old English.

In Illunse, pronounce ou as oo in pool, or u in rule. This is like the Latin ū (u macron) and the Old English ú (long u). In Middle English ou was often used to represent this sound.

Heart, in J.R.R. Tolkien's words

The Quenya word for heart is hón (physical heart).

The Sindarin word for heart is hûn (physical heart).

There are other words for heart in the moral and spiritual sense, and heart in inner thought and resolve. In Quenya these words are órë (heart, inner mind, spirit) and indo (heart, mood, resolve, will). In Sindarin they are gûr (heart in the moral sense) and ind (inner thought, meaning, heart).

Heart, in my words + hearts

corthe : heart

The Illunse word for heart is corthe. Corthe is an unusual last name.

This word is a mixture of the Latin word for heart which is cor, and the Old English word for heart which is heorte.

In both Latin and Old English heart also means (as well as a part of the body) soul, spirit; mind, intellect; affections.

corthan : hearts

The Illunse word for hearts (nominative plural) is corthan. Corthan is an uncommon last name. Corthan is an unusual masculine first name.

Hearts in Latin is cordis. Hearts in Old English is heortan.

Head, in J.R.R. Tolkien's words + heads

The Quenya word for head is cár and the plural heads is cari.

The Sindarin word for head is dôl and the plural heads is dýl.

Head, in my words + heads

cahed : head

The Illunse word for head is cahed. Cahed is a misspelling of cached and cashed.

This word is a mixture of the Latin word for head which is caput, and the Old English word for head which is héafod.

cahedu : heads

The Illunse word for heads (nominative plural) is cahedu. Cahedu seems to mean something, but I can't translate it, in Romanized Arabic.

Heads in Latin is capitis. Heads in Old English is héafdu.

Tin, in my words (revised)

stin : tin

The Illunse word for tin (metal) is stin. Stin is a last name. In Norwegian Stin is a rare feminine first name. Stin is the name of a city in Afghanistan.

This word is a mixture of the Late Latin word for tin which is stannum (in Old Latin tin is plumbum candidum literally "white lead"), and the Old English word for tin which is tin (same as Modern English).

My previous Illunse word for tin was snin. I'm stealing stin for tin from my other contructed language, Fennas. Even though snin was interesting since the atomic symbol for tin is Sn, I like stin better and it's a better mix.

Pronouncing oe, eu and eo

In Illunse, pronounce oe as oi in oil. This pronunciation follows Latin.

In Illunse, pronounce eu as in feud. This is approximately the same as the Latin pronunciation of eu.

In Illunse, pronounce eo as in...Beowulf, that's as in the Anglo-Saxon epic poem. Pronounce it like ay + oh (short o). That's like éo in Old English which is a diphthong. This is not a Modern English vowel.

I may later alter some existing words for pronunciation.

Mouth, in J.R.R. Tolkien's words

The Quenya words for mouth are anto and náva. Plurals weren't mentioned.

I didn't find a Sindarin word for mouth, the body part. There was a word for mouth of a river or estuary, but that's something different.

Mouth, in my words + mouths

mot : mouth

The Illunse word for mouth is mot. Mot is a last name. In English mot means witticism. In French means word. In Albanian mot means weather. In Dutch mot means moth. In Old English mot means mote. In Old English similar word mót means moot, meeting, assembly. In Norwegian and Swedish mot means against, towards. Mot is a Semitic god. Mot is the name of a Bolian character in Star Trek. Mot (or De Mot) is the name of a city in Belgium.

This word is a mixture of the Latin word for mouth which is os (mouth, speech), and the Old English word for mouth which is múþ (mouth, opening).

motas : mouths

The Illunse word for mouths (nominative plural) is motas. Motas is an uncommon last name. Motas is the name of a city in Albania.

Mouths in Latin is oris. Mouths in Old English is múþas.

Nose, in J.R.R. Tolkien's words + noses

The Quenya words for nose are nengwë with the plural noses nengwi, and mundo (snout, nose, cape (of land)).

The Sindarin words for nose are nem with the plural noses nim, and bund (snout, nose, cape (of land)) with the plural noses bynd.

Nose, in my words + noses

nasu : nose

The Illunse word for nose is nasu. Nasu is an unusual last name. In Corsican, Sardinian and Sicilian nasu means nose. In Japanase (transliterated) nasu means eggplant.

This word is a mixture of the Latin word for nose which is nasus, and the Old English word for nose which is nosu.

nasa : noses

The Illunse word for noses (nominative plural) is nasa. Nasa is an uncommon last name. In Aymara nasa means nose. In Basque nasa means dock. NASA is an acronym for National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Nasa is the name of cities in South Korea, Tanzania, China, Ghana, Japan and Afghanistan.

Noses in Latin is nasi. Noses in Old English is nosa.

Bible trace, another from Luke

The Bible Trace I'm featuring today is Luke Chapter 17, Verse 24. This is information that I found on the Internet. I don't have all these versions of the Bible.

I do a little better than usual on reading this verse in Old English, I recognize some words. I don't do much better with Latin. The Middle English spelling is rather difficult to decyrpt.

Latin, Vulgate - 405
nam sicut fulgur coruscans de sub caelo in ea quae sub caelo sunt fulget ita erit Filius hominis in die sua

Old English, West Saxon - 990
Witodlice swa se ligræsc lyhtende scinð under heofone on þa ðing þe under heofone synt: swa bið mannes sunu on his dæge;

Middle English, Wycliffe - 1395
for as leyt schynynge from vndur heuene schyneth in to tho thingis that ben vndur heuene, so schal mannus sone be in his dai.

Renaissance English, Tyndale - 1526
for as the lyghtenynge that apereth out of the one parte of the heven and shyneth vnto the other parte of heven: Soo shall the sonne of man be in his dayes.

Jacobean English, King James - 1611
For as the lightning, that lighteneth out of the one part under heaven, shineth unto the other part under heaven; so shall also the Son of man be in his day.

Victorian English, Webster - 1833
For as the lightning that lighteneth from the one part under heaven, shineth to the other part under heaven; so shall also the Son of man be in his day.

Basic English, Ogden - 1964
For as in a thunderstorm the bright light is seen from one end of the sky to the other, so will the Son of man be when his time comes.

Tooth, in J.R.R. Tolkien's words + teeth

The Quenya word for tooth is nelet (also nelcë) and the plural teeth is nelci. The Quenya word carca is fang, tooth.

The Sindarin words for tooth are nêl (plural nelig) and nagol (plural naglath). The Sindarin word carch is fang, tooth.

Tooth, in my words + teeth

tode : tooth

The Illunse word for tooth is tode. Tode is a last name. Tode means deaths in German. Brother Tode is a Marvel comic books character of the fictional Deviants race.

This word is a mixture of the Latin word for tooth which is dens (tooth; tusk), and the Old English word for tooth which is tóð (tooth; tusk) (the the final leter, which resembles a d with a line through the top, is eth...not d).

todi : teeth

The Illunse word for teeth (nominative plural) is todi. Todi is an uncommon last name. Todi is the name of a city in Central Italy. Todi is also the name of cities in Nigeria and Burma. Todi Nagla is the name of a city in the state of Uttar Pradesh in India.

Teeth in Latin is dentis (similar to dentist). Teeth in Old English is téð.

Leg, in J.R.R. Tolkien's words + legs

The Quenya word for leg (or stem) is telco and the plural is telqui.

I couldn't find a Sindarin word for leg.

Leg, in my words + legs

scura : leg

The Illunse word for leg is scura. Scura is an uncommon last name. In Italian scura means dark, sombre.

This word is a mixture of the Latin word for leg which is crus (leg; shank; shin), and the Old English word for leg which is scanca (a shank, shin, leg from the knee to the foot).

scuran : legs

The Illunse word for legs (nominative plural) is scuran. Scuran is a rare last name.

Legs in Latin is crurus. Legs in Old English is scancan.

Pronouncing i, ie and ea

In Illunse, pronounce i as in police and machine. Make the sound short, similar to y in very or like how i is pronounced in Spanish. This is how short i, or i without an accent is pronounced in Old English.

In Illunse, pronounce ie as i in pit or his. This is as short i is pronounced in Latin. In Old English ie and íe are instead diphthongs.

In Illunse, pronounce ea as in bead and eat. Make the sound long. This is as í, long i, accented i, is pronounced in Old English. This is how ī (i macron) or long i is pronounced in Latin. In Old English ea and éa are instead diphthongs.

I may need to modify some existing words for pronunciation.

Copper, in my words (revised)

copur : copper

The Illunse word for copper (metal) is copur. Copur is an unusual last name. In Turkish similar word çopur means pit, pock marked. Copur is the name of a city in Turkey.

This word is a mixture of the Late Latin word for copper which is cuprum (the chemical symbol for copper is Cu), and the Old English word for copper which is copor.

Previously I used ár, which better translates as ore, as the Old English word for copper. My old word for copper was cuar.

Arm, in J.R.R. Tolkien's words + arms

The Quenya word for arm is ranco and the plural is ranqui.

The Sindarin word for arm is ranc and the plural is renc. These words are possibly archaic.

Arm, in my words + arms

bram : arm

The Illunse word for arm (body part) is bram. Bram is a masculine first name, which can be short for Abraham. Bram Stoker author of the novel Dracula. Bram is a last name. Bram is the name of cities in Albania and France.

This word is a mixture of the Latin word for arm which is bracchium (arm, forearm), and the Old English word for arm which is earm.

bramas : arms

The Illunse word for arms (nominative plural) is bramas. Bramas is a rare last name. Bramas is conjugations of the French and the Spanish verbs meaning to bellow.

Arms in Latin is bracchi. Arms in Old English is earmas.